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The Lives of Animals
''The Lives of Animals'' (1999) is a metafictional novella about animal rights by the South African novelist J. M. Coetzee, recipient of the 2003 Nobel Prize in Literature.〔J. M. Coetzee, ''The Lives of Animals'', Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1999.〕 The work is introduced by Amy Gutmann and followed by a collection of responses by Marjorie Garber, Peter Singer, Wendy Doniger and Barbara Smuts.〔Bernard E. Morris, (Review of ''The Lives of Animals'' by J. M. Coetzee ), ''Harvard Review'', 18, Spring 2000, pp. 181–183.〕 It was published by Princeton University Press as part of its Human Values series.
''The Lives of Animals'' consists of two chapters, "The Philosophers and the Animals" and "The Poets and the Animals," first delivered by Coetzee as guest lectures at Princeton on 15 and 16 October 1997, part of the Tanner Lectures on Human Values.〔J. M. Coetzee, ("The Lives of Animals" ), The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, Princeton University, 15 and 16 October 1997.〕 The Princeton lectures consisted of two short stories (the chapters of the book) featuring a recurring character, the Australian novelist Elizabeth Costello, Coetzee's alter ego. Costello is invited to give a guest lecture to the fictional Appleton College in Massachusetts, just as Coetzee is invited to Princeton, and chooses to discuss not literature, but animal rights, just as Coetzee does.〔Harold Fromm, ("Review: Coetzee's Postmodern Animals" ), ''The Hudson Review'', 52(2), Summer 2000 (pp. 336–344), p. 339.〕
In having Costello deliver the arguments within his lectures, Coetzee plays with form and content, and leaves ambiguous to what extent the views are his own. ''The Lives of Animals'' appears again in Coetzee's novel ''Elizabeth Costello'' (2003).〔David Lodge, ("Disturbing the Peace" ), ''The New York Review of Books'', 20 November 2003.〕
Coetzee's novella discusses the foundations of morality, the need of human beings to imitate one another, to want what others want, leading to violence and a parallel need to scapegoat non-humans. He appeals to an ethic of sympathy, not rationality, in our treatment of animals, to literature and the poets, not philosophy.〔Andy Lamey, "Sympathy and Scapegoating," in Anton Leist, Peter Singer (eds.), ''J. M. Coetzee and Ethics: Philosophical Perspectives on Literature'', Columbia University Press, 2013 (pp. 171–196), pp. 172–173, 179, 182.〕 Costello tells her audience: "Sympathy has everything to do with the subject and little to do with the object ... There are people who have the capacity to imagine themselves as someone else, there are people who have no such capacity ... and there are people who have the capacity but choose not to exercise it. ... There are no bounds to the sympathetic imagination."〔(Coetzee 1997 ), p. 133; Coetzee 1999, pp. 34–35.〕
==Synopsis==
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